Two Participations, One Reform and the Three-in-One Combination

It is the main content of the Angang Constitution. The Angang Constitution (or An-Steel Constitution) is the name given to the basic experience of Anshan Iron and Steel Company's business management in the 1960s.

On March 22, 1960, the CPC Central Committee approved the CPC Anshan Municipal Committee’s “Report on the Development of Technological Innovation and Technological Revolution on the Industrial Front”.

Mao Zedong referred to the Angang experience as the "Angang Constitution" in his instructions for the Central Committee. He believed that the management of state-owned enterprises should not implement the "Ma-Steal Constitution", that is, the Soviet Union's large steel plant Magnitogorsk Union Plant implemented a set of authoritative methods such as a long system, but should implement the "Angang Constitution", that is, policies such as "Two Participations, One Reform, and Three-in-one Combination" implemented by Chinese Anshan Iron and Steel Plant. He said that all large and medium-sized enterprises and cities should learn from this experience.

The main contents of the "Angang Constitution" were: to strengthen the leadership of the Communist Party of China, to insist on political leadership, to carry out a mass movement, to implement "Two Participations, One Reform, and Three-in-one Combination", and to carry out a technical innovation and technical revolution movement.

"Two Participations" is the participation of cadres in production work and of workers in enterprise management; "One Reform" is the reform of unreasonable rules and regulations; "Three-in-one Combination" is the combination of leading cadres, technical or managerial personnel and workers.

At the same time, he also advocated the implementation of the system of factory directors under the leadership of the Party Committee and the system of workers' congresses, the latter being the system of "involving the masses of workers in the management and supervision of the administration of the enterprise".

These systems are the concrete application of democratic centralism in industrial enterprises, and are the guidelines for the correct handling of the internal relations of enterprises, the resolution of conflicts in all aspects, and the full mobilization of all positive factors, which are of great significance for the running of socialist enterprises.