Chinese Soviet Republic

In the 1930s, the CPC established the first Red Regime of democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants in the central revolutionary base.

On February 4, 1930, the Central Committee of the CPC issued Circular No. 68 on the Convening of the National Soviet Regional Congress. After a year of preparation, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held a meeting in February 1931 and decided: “Mao Zedong shall be the Chairman of the Provisional Central Government of the Soviet Republic of China.”

On May 9, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee adopted the “Resolution on the Current Political Situation and the Urgent Tasks of the CPC” in which it was put forward that “the most urgent task of the Soviet area is to establish the Soviet central provisional government and the regional governments to fight against the Nanjing National Government, and to publish and implement all the decrees of the Soviet government”, and stipulated that the preparatory work should have been undertaken by the Central Bureau of the Soviet Area.

From November 7 to 20, the First National Congress of the Soviet Republic of China was held in Ruijin Village, Jiangxi Province. 610 delegates attended this Congress. The Congress was attended by the delegates from Western Fujian, Northeastern Jiangxi, Hunan-Jiangxi, Hunan-Western Hubei, Qiongya and the central base areas, delegates from the Red Army, the National Federation of Trade Unions and the National Marine Workers' Union in the KMT-ruled areas, etc. On behalf of the Central Bureau of the Soviet Area, Mao Zedong made reports on political issues, Xiang Ying on labor law, Zhang Dingcheng on land, Zhu De on the Red Army, Zhou Yili on economic policies, Wang Jiaxiang on ethnic minorities, and Deng Guangren on inspection of workers and peasants. The Congress then adopted such legal documents as the “Outline of the Constitution of the Soviet Republic of China”, “Land Law of the Chinese Soviet Republic”, “Labor Law of the Soviet Republic of China” and “Decision of the Soviet Republic of China on Economic Policy”.

On 19 November, the Congress elected 63 members of the Central Executive Committee of the new Soviet Government. At the end of the Congress, Ruijin was renamed Ruijing and Ruijin County was designated as a county under the jurisdiction of the Provisional Central Government of the Soviet Republic of China. As a result, Ruijin became the capital of the Soviet Republic of China.

On November 27, Mao Zedong chaired the First Plenary Session of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China. In accordance with the procedure stipulated in the Soviet Organizational Law, the Plenum elected Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee and the Central People's Committee; Xiang Ying and Zhang Guotao (who did not serve in the Central Base Area) as Vice-Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee and Vice-Chairmen of the Central People's Committee. In the Plenum, it was also elected ministers from various ministries of the central government (also known as the "People's Committee"). The Central Provisional Government of the Soviet Republic of China was born thereafter.

The Central Provisional Government played an important role in unifying leadership and strengthening the struggle and development of the Soviet Area and the Red Army forces throughout the country. After entering the Anti-Japanese War period, on September 6, 1937, with the formation of the anti-Japanese coalition of KMT and Communists, the Northwest Office of the Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic was renamed as the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government of the Republic of China. From then on, the Soviet Republic of China which lasted 5 years and 10 months, completed its historical mission.